Foramen cecum ct. metopica) usually ossifies 1.

Foramen cecum ct. Comprehensive anatomic knowledge is critical for narrowing the differential diagnosis of lesions that may affect the skull base. The foramen cecum varies in size in different subjects, and is frequently impervious. At birth, it is usually paired – right and left – but before the first year of life, the suture separating them (sutura frontalis s. CT is usually the first-line modality, allowing delineation of soft tissue abnormality as well as evaluating for bone remodeling or destruction. The foramen of Winslow is a normal anatomic structure separating the peritoneal cavity from the lesser sac and results from rotation of the upper abdominal viscera during fetal development. It transm Cecum is mildly distended and malpositioned in the central upper abdomen and herniated through the foramen of Winslow (together with the terminal ileum), lying in between the pancreas and stomach, with the stomach draped anteriorly over the cecum. Gross anatomy Blind-ending sac of bowel that lies below the ileocecal valve, above which the large intestine continues Imaging the anterior skull base CT and MRI are often used in conjunction; axial section thickness should be kept to a minimum and coronal imaging is mandatory. It is located along the anterior cranial fossa, anterior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and posterior to the frontal bone, within the frontoethmoidal suture. c Sagittal T1-weighted MR image demonstrates peripheral T1 hyperintense fat that becomes hypointense on (d), a sagittal T2-weighted fat-suppressed MR image. Jan 1, 2013 · The examination of each CT image resulted in identification of the foramen caecum. Jan 21, 2024 · The cranial foramina are the holes that exist in the skull to allow the passage of structures into and out of the cranium. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the age at which the Nov 23, 2012 · The T2 signal and contrast enhancement pattern at foramen cecum (black arrows) is irregular and could easily be confused with abnormal tissue extending intracranially. However, they noted that a normal foramen cecum and crista galli rule out intracranial disease. It lies in the frontal bone, just anterior to the ethmoid bone. CT examination of the neck found that all cysts were unicystic and circular low-density images were taken of the posterior tongue. (Bottom) CT images at 10 months show progressive ossification of the ASB from posterior to anterior and lateral to medial. Oct 12, 2015 · Based on the reformatted CT images and MRI, a venous structure connecting superior sagittal sinus to the nasal mucosa with a midline course through the foramen cecum, consistent with vein of foramen cecum was demonstrated. Fig 1. Histopathology Cases of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Histopathology Cases of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Containing Ectopic Thyroid Case Discussion Uncommon case of foramen of Winslow hernia containing a hypermobile cecum and terminal ileum. It is located at the meeting point between the frontal bone and the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. Etiology: Migration anomaly as thyroid gland migrates down from foramen cecum at the posterior aspect of the tongue to permanent location in infrahyoid neck Imaging US: — Thyroid is absent from its normal position in the neck — Lingual thyroid at base of tongue (90%) or sublingual thyroid below the tongue or prelaryngeal thyroid The dura later forms a diverticulum that extends through the plane of the foramen cecum (junction of frontal and eth-moid bones). Normal anatomical variant of a foramen caecum. Normal embryologic development of the nasofrontal region. May 29, 2025 · CT Although soft tissue reconstructions can be useful in showing the mixed attenuation (ranging from fat to calcium) typical of dermoid cysts, bony anatomy is most helpful. The following are the char-acteristic CT appearances: (a) presence of mes-entery between the inferior vena cava and main portal vein, (b) an air-fluid collection in the lesser sac with a beak directed toward the foramen of Winslow, (c) absence of the ascending colon in the right gutter, and (d) two or more bowel loops in the high subhepatic The labeled structures are (excluding the correct side): groove for the middle meningeal artery frontal sinus frontal crest orbital process of the frontal bone foramen cecum superior rectus muscle crista galli olfactory fossa anterior eth Jan 1, 2014 · Open in Viewer Figure 1 Normal adult neck. The frontal crest ends at a small notch at the bottom, which turns into a foramen known as the foramen caecum of frontal bone. [9] Associated findings include glabellar destruction, inter ethmoid space widening, disruption of the nasal vault, and increased interorbital distance. On sagittal images, all cysts were close to the hyoid bone on the upper posterior hyoid. a Axial and (b) coronal CT bone window images show an enlarged foramen cecum (arrow). Some clefts/fissures, which are not entirely surrounded by bone, and canals, which are longer than their diameter, are often Aug 8, 2025 · During embryological development, the thyroid gland migrates down from the foramen cecum at the posterior aspect of the tongue to its permanent location in the infrahyoid neck. Sagittal contrast material–enhanced CT image shows the normal anatomic course of the thyroglossal duct (magenta line). The foramen cecum is a small opening located in the anterior portion of the human brain. (B) Coronal CT in the same child, 1 cm posterior to the foramen cecum, shows complete ossification of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa, on either side of the crista galli (arrow). Jun 4, 2021 · The skull base uniquely interfaces between the intracranial central nervous system and extracranial soft tissues. Lesions such as meningoencephalocele may produce expansion of the foramen cecum and erosion of the crista galli. A well-defined foramen cecum can be seen at midline on the sagittal plane, between the frontal crest and crista galli of the ethmoid bone. from the root of the tongue, in a depression, the foramen caecum, from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateralward and forward on either side to the margin of the tongue. May 2, 2023 · Alterations in the morphology of bony landmarks (such as the foramen cecum and frontal ridge) (see Fig. Interpretation of CT of the anterior skull base in children depends on knowledge of the pattern and chronology of ossification. The path of the primordial descent wraps anteriorly, inferiorly, and posteriorly to the hyoid bone (black arrow) and courses The condition arises from the embryonic failure of normal thyroid tissue to descend from the foramen cecum area of the tongue base through the lower neck, presenting as a lobular midline mass in the mucosal surface of the tongue base [3]. The presence of an enlarged foramen cecum or bifid crista galli suggest intracranial extension 2. Feb 1, 2002 · Therefore, CT demonstrating an intracranial mass, bifid crista galli and widened foramen cecum is diagnostic for nasal dermoid intracranial extension, while normal size and appearance of the foramen cecum and crista galli appear to rule out intracranial extension. Imaging features are nonspecific. It is situated at the base of the frontal lobe, within the cranial cavity. 1); the gallbladder was distended with pericholecystic stranding and surrounding portal triad inflammation (Fig. When open, it transmits the emissary vein from the nose to the superior sagittal Jan 1, 2014 · Open in Viewer Figure 1 Normal adult neck. Location: Foramen cecum is situated just anterior to the cribriform plate within the frontoethmoidal suture. American Journal of Neuroradiology Aug 1, 2010 · These studies suggest that widening of the foramen cecum alone is not a strong marker for intracranial extension, though a normal foramen cecum is useful in excluding this complication. Skull base development. Jul 2, 2023 · The incisive foramen (also known as nasopalatine foramen or anterior palatine foramen) is the oral opening of the nasopalatine canal. Circumvallate papillae (+) arranged in a The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small tract which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum (or foramen caecum), by articulation with the Ethmoid [1]. Because direct clinical examination is not possible, radiographic assessment is vital for accurate assessment and radiologists need to be aware of anatomic variations, true pathologic lesions, and “don’t touch” lesions that mimic pathology. Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Findings: Axial neck CT images with contrast demonstrate a fluid density lesion at midline embedded within the strap muscles, displacing the adjacent strap muscles. The filiform papillae impart a velvety texture to the upper surface and allow for a scraping function. Differential Diagnosis: Thyroglossal duct cyst (by far most likely by location and All visual materials are sourced directly from the app 3D Osteology 👉 Click https://apps. Feb 12, 2025 · He was discharged with oral antibiotics and planned for subsequent definitive management with a Sistrunk procedure (removal of the cyst and part of the hyoid bone, as well as a small core of tissue from the hyoid bone all the way to the foramen cecum). Jul 1, 2000 · Open in Viewer Figure 2. Preoperative imaging with a fine-cut computed tomography (CT) scan through the anterior skull base is crucial to determine the location of the cyst and to rule out the presence of a sinus tract and/or an intracranial connection. The foramen is often blocked, however, when open, it allows a vein from the nose to drain into the superior sagittal sinus. Objective To describe the imaging characteristics and surgical management of a rare double internal hernia and emphasize the critical role of computed tomography (CT) imaging in its The foramen cecum is a small indentation which is transformed within a foramen through articulation with the ethmoid, where the frontal crest of the frontal bone terminates inferiorly. Thereafter the dura recedes, remaining intracranial. This intricate anatomic structure has several foramina and crossing structures, which can be a challenge for novices. The sulcus terminalis divides the anterior two-thirds from the posterior one-third of the tongue. 3 A) may serve as important clues to the diagnosis and extent of disease. The tongue surface has papillae. The path of the primordial descent wraps anteriorly, inferiorly, and posteriorly to the hyoid bone (black arrow) and courses Foramen cecum (frontal bone) The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum (or foramen caecum), by articulation with the ethmoid. Clinically carcinoma cecum mimics acute appendicitis The foramen caecum's width (transverse dimension in the horizontal cross-section) and length (sagittal dimension in the horizontal cross-section) measurement on CT. [12]demonstrated on a Computed Tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced MRI the presence of the VFC passing through a patent foramen cecum. from publication: Anatomy of the adult foramen caecum | The Aug 10, 2023 · Foramina/fissures of the anterior cranial fossa There are only two foramina to mention in the anterior cranial fossa, but one is a group of foramina associated with the first of the cranial nerves we will be mentioning. This study aims to pre-sent the diversity of the foramen caecum’s di-mensions and to attempt to ascertain its proper dimensions. Gross anatomy Blind-ending sac of bowel that lies below the ileocecal valve, above which the large intestine continues Jan 10, 2017 · The foramen cecum is an embryonic remnant of a dural diverticulum and is a space where the dura briefly connects between the anterior cranial fossa and prenasally, even extending to the tip of the nose at one point. Mar 11, 2006 · Pitfalls particularly common to CT imaging interpretation include the evolving ossification of the frontal, nasal and ethmoid bones in the first year of life, morphology and size of the foramen cecum, and the natural intumescence of the anterior nasal septum. Gross anatomy The foramen cecum is located in the midline on the surface of the tongue, at the apex o The median sulcus divides the dorsum of the tongue into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2. Measurement points used on anatomical specimens and during analysis of CT scans depicted on a specimen. When patent, this foramen can contain emissary veins from the extracranial venous circulation to the intracranial venous sinuses, potentially allowing for intracranial spread of sinus infections. Air in the dependent The epithelial connection between the thyroid gland and the foramen cecum is called the thyroglossal duct. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the age at which the anterior cranial fossa is fully ossified as assessed on CT examinations. Typical CT findings of a lingual osteoma—a well-circumscribed hyperdense submucosal mass seen around the foramen cecum—could be helpful in the diagnosis of lingual osteoma and the prevention of further unnecessary work-up. Foramen Cecum Name Origin: Latin – foramen caecum ossis frontalis. The duct is normally resorbed during the 8th to 10th week of fetal development. Mar 25, 2025 · The crista galli is a thick, midline, smooth triangular process arising from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone, projecting into the anterior cranial fossa. The fora-men cecum is usually plugged by the fibrous tissue of the falx but occasionally transmits a vein from the nasal mucosa to the superior sagittal sinus. Pitfalls particularly common to CT imaging interpretation include the evolving ossification of the frontal, nasal and ethmoid bones in the first year of life, morphology and size of the foramen cecum, and the natural intumescence of the anterior nasal septum. Naso-orbital encephaloceles are the least common type of sincipital encephalocele. The foramen ovale is located more anteromedially and serves as the pathway for the mandibular nerve (V3) into the masticator space. The occurrence of persistent metopic suture in adult age varies in different countries from nearly 0% to 15%, and it should not be confused with the frontal The foramen caecum is located within the frontoethmoidal suture. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Three patients (9%; patients 18, 23, and 29) had a false-positive reading, and 1 patient (3%; patient 16) had a false-negative indication of intracranial May 22, 2012 · Dermoid at the foramen cecum in a 5-year-old boy with a glabellar pit. Using magnetic resonance imaging, Tsutsumi et al. This article focuses on the Anatomy and embryology The thyroglossal duct is a transient epithelial lined midline channel serving as the path of descent of the thyroid primordium from the foramen cecum, located at the junction of the anterior two-thirds and posterior third of the tongue, down to the thyroid cartilage where definitive thyroid formation occurs [1]. The cecum (C) and proximal right colon have herniated into the lesser sac behind the stomach (S) through the foramen of Winslow. Nov 13, 2022 · The foramen cecum of the anterior cranial fossa represents a primitive tract into the nasal space. Top right: At birth, the ossifi-cation centers are further developed, but mesethmoidal ossifica-tion has not begun. These lesions can be divided into major categories to By 6 months of age, 50% of the anterior skull base has completely ossified. CT, in comparison with MR imaging, has many advantages in pediatrics. The dimension of the foramen caecum infrequently exceeds 3 mm. Nov 23, 2012 · The dura later forms a diverticulum that extends through the plane of the foramen cecum (junction of frontal and ethmoid bones). Nov 23, 2012 · On CT, multiple gas-filled loops are located in the lesser sac, posterior to the liver hilum, anterior to the inferior vena cava, and between the stomach and pancreas, with tapering of the herniation through the foramen of Winslow [9] (Fig. (b) Schematic illustrates how the fonticulus frontalis closes, the foramen cecum is formed, and a projection of dural diverticulum contacts the tip of the nose. 7 Fig. All cysts had a close relationship with the foramen cecum (Figure 2). Coronal ( A ) and sagittal ( B ) computed tomography (CT) demonstrate an expansive fat-density lesion (asterisk) extending to the skull base at foramen cecum (arrow) anterior to the crista galli. As a fetus develops, the thyroid travels down from the tongue, closely around the hyoid bone, along the midline front of the neck, to its eventual final location just above the chest plate. Thyroglossal duct cysts develop in the remanent of the thyroglossal duct. A patent foramen cecum and bifid crista galli suggest, but do not confirm an intracranial connection. It is located in the maxilla in the incisive fossa, midline in the palate posterior to the central incisors, at t Note the unossified crista galli (thick arrow) and the small foramen caecum more anteriorly (thin arrow) that falsely seems to be enlarged on bony CT windows. Feb 19, 2025 · A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast demonstrated the cecum herniating through the foramen of Winslow with no signs of ischemia or bowel obstruction (Fig. com/gb/app/3d-osteology/id6463661733 to get started today! Y The foramen cecum is a covered foramen, which is the residue of median thyroid diverticulum at initial embryonic development and indicates the top of the terminal sulcus. During his analysis of over 200 human Surgical images show the mass (between the forceps) which had been intimately adherent to the mid-point of the hyoid bone and a central tract extending from the mass up to the foramen cecum. Findings of enlarged foramen cecum and bifid crista galli, if present, suggest intracranial extension. However, no intracranial connection was found in surgery. (a) Schematic illustrates the temporary fonticulus nasofrontalis and prenasal space. The lesion is just below the level of the hyoid bone with a small suprahyoid extent into the pre-epiglottic fat. The prenasal space later disappears with fusion of the adjacent bones, although a tiny normal foramen cecum is present in many Jun 4, 2025 · The cecum (plural: ceca or cecums) is the first part of the large bowel and lies in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. It usually involutes in the 8th-10th week of gestation. This percentage steadily increases over the first 2 years of life, and by 24 months, 84% of the anterior skull base is completely ossified, with a cartilaginous gap anteriorly in the region of the foramen cecum, the residual unossified portion. It is located at the base of the frontal crest, a midline bony ridge of the frontal bone, and just anterior to the crista galli, a thick, bony midline projection from the ethmoid bone. 2019) Symptoms associated with lingual tonsillitis are non-specific and may be indicative of numerous other diseases that may cause lingual tonsil enlargement, such as tumors, trauma, abscesses, hyperkeratosis, cysts from occlusion of the foramen cecum, foreign bodies, or compensatory hyperplasia after palatine tonsillectomy. The thyroid primordium originates as the median thyroid anlage (•) at the foramen cecum (white arrow). The patient is on the verge of a small bowel obstruction. Sep 1, 2025 · Lesser sac hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia, where abdominal contents protrude through the foramen of Winslow, hence they are also known as foramen of Winslow hernia. This normal migration can be halted at any point, or indeed can go 'off-target' with thyroid tissue coming to rest in unusual locations within the neck or elsewhere 4: The thyroid gland normally migrates from the base of the tongue to the lower neck through the anterior and midline thyroglossal duct. Fig. 12 Foramen cecum. (c) Schematic illustrates how the dural diverticulum retracts into The foramen cecumis an embryonic remnant of a dural diverticulum and is a space where the dura briefly connects between the anterior cranial fossa and prenasally, even extending to the tip of the nose at one point. Ectopic thyroid radiology discussion including example cases. In normal development the dural diverticulum regresses, the bony margins form the nasofrontal suture, and a blind-ending foramen cecum remains anterior to the crista galli [1, 2, 4]. have found tubular-shaped venous extensions lying in the Foramen Cecum (FC) arising from the rostral end of the falx cerebri [11 May 8, 2017 · Results from failure of embryonic thyroid migration from the foramen cecum to the pretracheal region (Cheng et al. Nov 3, 2022 · The thyroglossal duct is an epithelium-lined connection between the foramen cecum and the thyroid that forms during the descent of the thyroid during embryological development. An early surgical intervention with removal of involved segment and anastomosis might possibly prolong survival of the patient. metopica) usually ossifies 1. Through the foramen spinosum, located more posterolaterally, courses the middle menin-geal artery. 10C). 6 Pneumatized crista galli. Their nonspecific clinical features often pose significant diagnostic challenges. Gross anatom The formation of the thyroid gland begins in the tongue (foramen cecum) when you are a fetus. Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is the most common congenital cystic lesion and pediatric mass in the neck It occurs along the midline, between the base of the tongue (foramen cecum) and the thyroid bed TDCs present as a palpable neck mass; they can acutely enlarge and become painful when secondarily infected 40% of TDCs are associated with an ectopic thyroid gland Jan 10, 2017 · The foramen cecum is an embryonic remnant of a dural diverticulum and is a space where the dura briefly connects between the anterior cranial fossa and prenasally, even extending to the tip of the nose at one point. The skull base is a critical landmark, separating intracranial from extracranial structures. 6 In our series, 35 patients underwent preoperative CT and/or MRI as part of their workup. Apr 16, 2020 · When a sincipital encephalocele extends through the foramen cecum into the ethmoid sinuses and nose, it is called a nasoethmoidal encephalocele, whereas one that protrudes anteriorly between the nasal and frontal bones is called a frontonasal encephalocele. The small indentation at the posterior tongue represents a vestigial foramen cecum ( ). Jul 9, 2025 · The foramen cecum is a small depression situated at the apex of the V-shaped sulcus terminalis on the tongue's dorsal surface. Named emissary veins frontal emissary vein - passes through foramen cecum to connect the superior sagittal sinus to frontal sinus and nasal cavities condylar emissary veins - the posterior condylar emissary vein passes through the posterior condylar canal to connect the sigmoid sinus with the suboccipital venous plexus Apr 15, 2021 · Foramen cecum is the point of union of the frontal crest with the ethmoidal bone located anterior to the crista galli. . A depression between the crista galli and the crest of the frontal bone is crossed by the fronto-ethmoidal suture and contains the foramen cecum. Top left: A midline-sagittal representation of a 5- to 6-month-old fetus shows ossification of the basioccipital (O), basisphenoidal (S), and presphenoidal (P) centers, as well as the vomer (V). It separates the olfactory bulbs, which lie on either side of it in the olfactory fo Uncommon case of foramen of Winslow hernia containing a hypermobile cecum and terminal ileum. The foramen ovale and foramen spinosum are the 2 other important foramina located in the greater sphenoid wing. Foramen caecum (or cecum): Is the most anterior of the holes in the floor of the skull. 2019) 75% patients with lingual thyroid have no other thyroid tissue (Cheng et al. CT abdomen and pelvis with coronal views. Prenasal space is the temporary space below the foramen cecum between nasal bones anteriorly and developing nasal cartilage posteriorly, which gets obliterated early in life. Hedlund (2006) defines the dimen-sion of the foramen caecum in three- to five-year old children. Epidemiology Lesser sac hernias are rare, Apr 20, 2022 · Named emissary veins frontal emissary vein - passes through foramen cecum to connect the superior sagittal sinus to frontal sinus and nasal cavities condylar emissary veins - the posterior condylar emissary vein passes through the posterior condylar canal to connect the sigmoid sinus with the suboccipital venous plexus Frontal bone The frontal bone is one of the thickest bones of the skull. The thyroid subsequently descends to the neck, passing anteriorly and near the developing hyoid bone. The prenasal space later disappears with fusion of the adjacent bones, although a tiny normal foramen cecum is present in many Dec 29, 2020 · Viewed superiorly, the abundant submucosal lymphoid tissue (lingual tonsil) gives the posterior tongue (♦) a lobulated surface. Gross anatomy The foramen cecum is located in the midline on the surface of the tongue, at the apex o Aug 8, 2025 · Some patients with lingual thyroid without other co-existing ectopic thyroid tissue will develop subclinical hypothyroidism 8. Mar 13, 2024 · The foramen cecum is a small midline opening in the anterior cranial fossa, between the frontal and ethmoid bones. It can therefore develop anywhere in the line from the foramen cecum at the base of the tongue to the thyroid bed. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Footnotes Paper previously presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Head and Neck Radiology, October 1–4, 2003; Rancho Mirage, Calif. Complete failure May 3, 2017 · Found between the foramen cecum of the tongue base and the isthmus of the thyroid (Tan 2023) Most common pediatric mass, also occur in adults - equal incidence in males and females (Amos 2024) Average size is 1. However, the differential diagnosis of a posterior midline tongue mass, in the region of the foramen cecum in a child, should include lingual hamartoma. Aug 27, 2025 · The thyroid gland develops from the proximal primitive foregut between the first and second pharyngeal pouches at the foramen cecum, in the midline of the base of the tongue. 2). Jul 6, 2025 · The thyroid primordium originates at the foramen cecum, located at the junction of the anterior two-thirds and posterior one-third of the tongue. Bottom left: By 6 to 8 months, the presphe-noidal and Sep 11, 2025 · Foramen ovale (plural: foramina ovalia) is an oval shaped opening in the middle cranial fossa located at the posterior base of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, lateral to the lingula and foramen lacerum, medial to foramen spinosum. VFC may be visible in various radiological investigations: Tutar et al. Apr 15, 2021 · Foramen cecum is the point of union of the frontal crest with the ethmoidal bone located anterior to the crista galli. Pathology A lingual thyroid results from failure of the normal caudal migration of the thyroid from the foramen cecum down to its normal location anterior to the larynx and upper trachea. The commonest site is at the level of the hyoid bone (half (A) Coronal CT shows complete ossification of the anterior skull base with the exception of visible margins of the foramen cecum (arrow). Nov 3, 2022 · The foramen cecum of the tongue is the remnant of thyroglossal duct located between the anterior two-thirds and posterior third of the tongue. Origin: Foramen cecum is the bony remnant of a primitive midline tract between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity. Download scientific diagram | Measurement points used on anatomical specimens and during analysis of CT scans depicted on a specimen. 2019) Advanced cases may present with dysphonia, dysphagia, and upper airway obstruction (Cheng et al. The most proximal part of the thyroglossal duct is the foramen cecum, at the base of the tongue. CT is more useful in identifying the sinus tract. It allows the passage of May 12, 2025 · Background Combined internal hernia traversing both the gastrocolic ligament and the foramen of Winslow are exceedingly rare. This represents a normal anatomical variant. apple. 5 to 4 cm (Tan 2023) Signs of malignant transformation may include firm, immobile mass, rapid growth, and lymphadenopathy (Houas 2024) Nov 3, 2022 · The foramen cecum of the tongue is the remnant of thyroglossal duct located between the anterior two-thirds and posterior third of the tongue. Jul 14, 2020 · A3. 5 cm. 8q hcbx2 aao kc hfuz bl aclkq 9kvxxpi eobdkxnd pxg